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作者简介:

程小卿(1997-),硕士研究生,主要从事药用植物与中药药剂研究,(E-mail)m13727718977@163.com。

通讯作者:

王利国,博士,主要从事中药材种质资源鉴定研究,(E-mail)wanglg@gzucm.edu.cn。

中图分类号:Q945.78

文献标识码:A

文章编号:1000-3142(2023)07-1244-08

DOI:10.11931/guihaia.gxzw202203041

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目录contents

    摘要

    广藿香是著名药材,青枯病是威胁广藿香生产和质量的主要病害。针对从广藿香茎叶中分离出的1株有抑菌活性的内生真菌Alternaria sp. GHX-P17,研究其代谢产物对广藿香青枯病的防治作用及耐病机制。在室内通过人工接种Alternaria sp. GHX-P17菌株与喷施粗提物稀释液2种方式,于不同时间调查广藿香青枯病的发病率和严重度,并计算其病情指数(disease index,DI)。同时,对处理后不同时间的广藿香苯丙氨酸解氨酶(phenylalanine ammonialyase,PAL)、过氧化物酶(peroxidase,POD)和超氧化物歧化酶(superoxide dismutase,SOD)3种保护酶活性进行测定。结果表明:(1)Alternaria sp. GHX-P17处理后青枯病DI显著降低,与对照比较,204 h后DI降低为27.16%,方差分析呈显著性差异(P<0.05)。(2)随着处理时间延长,青枯病严重度升高缓慢,严重度等级降低,到204 h时,处理组的严重度明显低于对照,防治效果达到74.65%。(3)处理后的广藿香3种保护酶PAL、POD和SOD活性均增强,但3种酶活性高峰出现时间不同,即PAL随时间逐渐升高;POD先升高后降低,然后又升高,出现2个峰值;SOD快速升高后逐渐降低。这表明内生真菌菌株Alternaria sp. GHX-P17可以提高广藿香3种保护酶活性,延缓了青枯菌的侵染过程,降低了青枯病的发病程度。该研究结果为植物内生真菌次级代谢产物活性成分研究及生物农药开发提供了参考。

    Abstract

    There is a long history to cultivate the Pogostemon cablin in Guangdong Province, and it is a famous medicinal material. The bacterial wilt is the important disease that impacts the production and quality of P. cablin. Aiming to the control effects of metabolites of Alternaria sp. GHX-P17 strain that is belonging to an endophytic fungus isolated from the stems and leaves of P. cablin and the mechanism of disease resistance on bacterial wilt, a laboratory experiment had been conducted to investigate the incidence and severity of bacterial wilt in P. cablin at different time after artificial to inoculate the strain of Alternaria sp. GHX-P17 and to spray the crude extracts of the metabolites, and disease index (DI) was calculated. The activity changes of protective enzymes of phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL), peroxidase (POD) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) were determined in different time in P. cablin. The results were as follows: (1) The DI was significantly lower in the treatment groups with the crude extracts of Alternaria sp. GHX-P17 at different concentrations than that of control groups, and the DI decreased by 27.16% in the treatment groups at 204 h after inoculation. The variance analysis showed significant differences (P<0.05). (2) The severity of bacterial wilt was reduced with the extension of investigation time in P. cablin, and the severity levels increased slowly in treatment groups. The average severity was significantly lower than that of the control groups at 204 h, and the control effects reached 74.65%. (3) The activities of protective enzymes of PAL, POD and SOD increased observably after to inoculate spore suspension and to spray metabolites in P. cablin, but the activity peak time was different. PAL activities gradually increased after inoculation; POD first increased and then decreased, and then increased again, and there were two the activity peaks; SOD increased rapidly and then decreased gradually. Obviously, the metabolites of Alternaria sp. GHX-P17 can not only increase the activities of protective enzymes in P. cablin, and delay the infection process of Ralstonia solanacearum, but also decrease the severity levels of bacterial wilt. However, the research findings provide a reference for the study of active components of secondary metabolites of endophytic fungi and the development of biopesticides.

  • 广藿香(Pogostemon cablin)为唇形科刺蕊草属一年生草本植物,干燥全草可入药,是著名南药,具有芳香化浊,开胃止呕,发表解暑之功效(李薇和徐鸿华,2003)。新的临床研究发现,以广藿香为主打成分的宣肺败毒基础方剂在预防新型冠状病毒肺炎(COVID-19)方面也有不错的疗效(王钏等,2020;徐旭等,2020)。生产上,广藿香青枯病(bacterial wilt)是威胁广藿香生产和质量的主要病害,每年减产30%~80%。广藿香青枯病是由茄科雷尔氏菌(Ralstonia solanacearum)引起的一种细菌性病害,该菌被认为是热带与亚热带地区最重要的病原细菌之一,可危害多种作物。茄科雷尔氏菌主要从根部伤口入侵,穿过皮层进入维管束,产生侵填体(tylose)和胼胝质(callose)堵塞导管和筛管,引起寄主青枯死亡。青枯病属于土传病害,较难防治,除常规的农业防治和化学防治外,多人也从生防角度对青枯病防治进行了研究。例如,烟草作为典型青枯病指示植物(indicative plant),张欣悦等(2020)从烟草根际分离出2株拮抗细菌菌株GZYCT-4和GZYCT-9用于防治室内烟草青枯病,具有一定的防效。Hanemian等(2013)用hrp基因插入突变获得的无致病力青枯菌突变株,番茄青枯病病情显著降低。

  • 内生菌因长期定殖于宿主植物组织内与宿主协同进化,二者形成了一种非常复杂的共生关系,并影响着宿主植物各种成分的积累和对胁迫的应激反应(Cley &Schardi,2002)。几乎所有被研究过的植物中均能检测到内生菌的存在,这些内生菌分布广且具有丰富的生物多样性。药用植物是挖掘活性内生菌资源的重要宝库,其内生菌群落组成丰度、定殖率、分离频率、优势种群数量超过其他非药用植物。目前,已从铁皮石斛(Dendro-bium officinale)(胡克兴等,2010;周琢艳等,2017)、甘草(Glycyrrhiza uralensis)(陈静等,2019)、杜仲(Eucommia ulmoides)(梁雪娟等,2014)、拐枣(Hovenia acerba)( Gao et al.,2005)、茅苍术(Atractylodes lancea)(吕立新等,2014)等药材中分离出具有不同生理活性的内生菌,并通过对活性代谢物组分分析,筛选出一批有新颖化学结构的潜在先导物,为抗氧化、抗肿瘤、抗菌药物的研发开辟了新途径。

  • 内生菌与宿主互作间产生的小分子次生代谢物对宿主的生长发育、系统防御以及宿主代谢产物的合成起着关键的调控作用(Fragoso et al.,2014; Jia et al.,2016)。活性内生菌能够产生与宿主植物相同或相似的活性代谢物,这些活性物质通过调控宿主防御酶合成关键基因的表达而增强宿主的抗性反应(彭淑萍等,2021)。前期该文PI团队对2种广藿香栽培品种牌香(Pogostemon cablin cv. shipaiensis)和湛香(P. cablin cv. zhanjiangensis)内生真菌群落结构组成进行了研究(王利国等,2022),从牌香中分离出1株具有活性的内生真菌GHX-P17,鉴定为链格孢属真菌(Alternaria sp.)。通过室内平板对峙实验,发现该菌株产生的代谢产物有较明显的抑菌活性。为进一步了解Alternaria sp. GHX-P17菌株及其代谢物对植物病害的防治作用机理,探究内生菌与宿主防御酶基因表达之间的关系,本文通过室内人工接种孢子悬浮液和喷施代谢产物粗提物两种方法,测定处理后不同时间SOD、POD和PAL 3种酶活性的变化方式及对广藿香青枯病的防治效果。

  • 1 材料与方法

  • 1.1 样品来源

  • 供试材料选用广藿香组培苗,移栽于花盆室内培养至15 cm以上。接种用青枯菌菌株HX-6由广州中医药大学贺红教授提供,菌株购自广东省科学院微生物研究所菌种保藏中心。供试内生真菌菌株GHX-P17由广州中医药大学中药种质资源与分子鉴定PI团队从牌香上分离获得。

  • 1.2 菌株活化与样品提取

  • 青枯菌HX-6菌株活化采用平板划线培养,培养基为营养琼脂培养基(nutrient agar medium,NA)(北京奥博星)。内生真菌GHX-P17代谢产物采用悬浮液振荡培养,用内径6 mm的打孔器切取PDA平板上产孢的内生真菌菌块放于50 mL PDB液体培养基中振荡培养,其中,一组培养液振荡培养24 h后,配成孢子数达1×106 CFU·mL-1的孢子悬浮液备用,另一组连续振荡培养6~7 d。将已发酵的菌液在-70℃下冻融3次后,用超声波细胞破碎仪破壁(宁波新芝,scientz-IID),以释放胞内产物。过滤去除菌丝体,滤液冷冻干燥,甲醇浸提,配成母液备用。

  • 1.3 接种

  • 青枯菌接种参考刘丹等(2011)的伤根浸泡方法。内生真菌接种采用拇指蘸取含石英砂的孢子悬浮液轻轻涂抹在组培苗叶片的正面,于饱和湿度下25℃暗培养24 h。待侵染成功后将广藿香苗放回光照培养箱(上海一恒,MGC-450BP)照光培养,光照强度10 000 lx,照光时长12 h·d-1。同时,将内生真菌提取液母液用无菌水稀释成2.5、5.0、10.0 mg·mL-1,于接种保湿结束后喷施在组培苗叶片上,隔天再喷施1次。实验设对照组,对照组为同一批广藿香组培苗,但未接种青枯菌(Ralstonia solanacearum)和喷施GHX-P17代谢物。实验重复3次,每次每浓度处理20株。

  • 1.4 调查方法与数据处理

  • 接种后于84、120、156、180、204 h调查广藿香青枯病发病率(%)和严重度,计算病情指数(disease index,DI)。发病率(%)=发病株数/调查总株数×100。病情指数(%)=∑(各级病株数×各级严重度)/(调查总株数×最高严重度)×100。广藿香青枯病严重度划分标准参考中华人民共和国国家标准GB/T23222—2008关于烟草青枯病分级调查方法及芝麻青枯病严重度分级标准(李信申等,2019)。广藿香青枯病标准如下:0级为全株无病;1级为茎基部病斑散射状、病斑不连续,呈狭长型,叶片不凋萎;3级为茎基部病斑合并,环绕茎围不超过1/3,1/3的叶片轻度凋萎,下部少数叶片出现青枯;5级为病斑超过茎围的1/2,但未全部环绕茎围,1/2叶片青枯;7级为茎部病斑环绕茎围,2/3以上叶片凋萎或青枯;9级为病株青枯死亡。

  • 用SPSS 22.0软件中的皮尔森相关系数(pearson correlation coefficient)法对处理组和对照组发病率和病情指数相关性进行分析,采用单因素方差分析(one-way ANOVA)中的Turkey HSD检验进行差异显著性分析。当P<0.05时,差异显著。

  • 1.5 SOD、POD及PAL活性测定

  • 接种后定时取样测定超氧化物歧化酶(superoxide dismutase,SOD)、过氧化物酶(peroxidase,POD)和苯丙氨酸解氨酶(phenylalanine ammonialyase,PAL)活性。PAL测定参照李合生等(2000)的方法,以290 nm下OD值变化0.01为1个酶活性单位(U),活性大小以每克蛋白的酶单位(U·g-1 prot)表示;POD活性采用愈创木酚法进行测定,以每分钟每克蛋白的OD470 nm值(OD·g-1 prot)表示;SOD活性以抑制NBT光还原50%为1个酶活性单位,以每克蛋白的单位数(U·g-1 prot)表示。使用日本岛津公司的UV-2450型紫外可见分光光度计测定OD值;以标准牛血清蛋白为对照计算总可溶性蛋白含量;以未接种和未喷施GHX-P17的广藿香为空白对照。实验重复3次。

  • 2 结果与分析

  • 2.1 青枯病严重度变化

  • 接种青枯菌84 h后,对照广藿香靠近茎基部开始出现少量褪色斑,病斑呈散点状,达到严重度1级(图1:A);到156 h时,严重度为5级的广藿香达到50%,症状显示为茎基部病斑向上延伸扩大,环绕茎围超过1/2,下部叶片出现少量青枯死亡(图1:B);到204 h时,病斑连片绕茎,呈黑褐色,大部分广藿香青枯死亡,严重度为7~9级(图1:C)。

  • 2.2 代谢产物对青枯病的防治作用

  • 由表1可知,不同浓度处理的广藿香与对照比较,青枯病发病率变化不大,Turkey 检验表明处理组与对照组无显著性差异(P<0.05)。84 h后平均发病率为10.42%,到204 h时,处理组发病率为94.65%,对照组发病率为100%。

  • 随着处理时间的延长,GHX-P17提取液可以有效减缓广藿香青枯病发病程度,表现为青枯病严重度降低,DI减少。由表2可知,随着喷施浓度增加和时间的延长,防治效果开始显现。处理后156 h,喷施了浓度为5.0 mg·mL-1和10.0 mg·mL-1的广藿香,青枯病DI显著低于对照组和2.5 mg·mL-1处理组,Turkey 检验呈显著性差异(P<0.05);到204 h时,5.0 mg·mL-1和10.0 mg·mL-1处理组的广藿香平均DI为67.78%,而对照组为98.10%,防效达30.90%。

  • 2.3 保护酶活性变化

  • 2.3.1 PAL

  • 广藿香接种青枯菌后,处理组和对照组PAL活性普遍升高,但升高幅度相差不大;96 h后处理组PAL活性开始缓慢升高;到132 h时,5 mg·mL-1和10 mg·mL-1处理的PAL活性明显高于对照组和2.5 mg·mL-1处理;到168 h时,活性升高值达到最大,此时升高幅度比对照高出90.23%,之后活性略有下降,但仍维持在一个较高的水平。2.5 mg·mL-1处理的PAL活性始终和对照相差不大,表明低浓度的菌株提取液未能激发提高广藿香的防卫反应(图2)。

  • 2.3.2 POD

  • GHX-P17提取液对POD活性变化的影响与PAL不同。由图3可知,接种后24 h,对照组和处理组POD活性迅速升高,但是处理组POD活性升高速率明显快于对照。60 h时,处理组POD活性到达第1个高峰,比对照高49.54%,之后开始下降;在96 h至132 h期间,处理组POD活性一直维持在较低水平;到168 h时,处理组POD活性再次升高到达第2个高峰,升高幅度与第1峰持平,之后逐渐下滑。第1次升高应该与清除广藿香体内过度积累的活性氧有关,因为青枯菌侵染会引起寄主释放大量活性氧,即氧爆发(oxidative burst);第2峰出现的时间和PAL活性峰值达到时间相近,表明POD参与了细胞壁木质素的合成,以加强细胞壁木质化程度。

  • 2.3.3 SOD

  • 接种青枯菌24 h后,处理组和对照组广藿香的SOD活性开始升高,5 mg·mL-1、10 mg·mL-1处理的广藿香SOD升高幅度明显高于对照组;到60 h时,处理组和对照SOD活性同时升到最高,之后开始下降;132 h后,SOD活性下降了11.32%;到168 h时,SOD几乎回到了24 h的活性值,但仍维持在一个较高水平(图4)。SOD作为植物抗氧化剂,主要用于清除过度积累的氧自由基。SOD活性变化趋势表明,接种后60 h氧自由基的大量产生,激发了SOD活性,有利于消除氧自由基过度积累对细胞造成的伤害,从而保证细胞内正常代谢功能的运转。

  • 3 讨论与结论

  • 植物内生菌具有物种多样性和多重生理活性,其对宿主生长的影响多样且复杂。目前,已从多种植物中分离出有活性的内生菌,这些内生菌除自身分泌的代谢小分子物质具有抗氧化(杨明俊等,2020)、抗菌(王沫等,2016)、抗肿瘤(缪莉等, 2020)等作用外,其与宿主长期共生过程中还能协助宿主增强抵抗各种生物和非生物因子的胁迫,提高宿主的抗病和耐病能力。研究最持久也最为深入的是麦角菌科(Clavicipitaceae)的Epichloë属内生菌(Epichloë)(Siege et al.,1987)。Epichloë长期定殖于干旱和盐碱地逆境环境下的禾本科牧草和杂草中,其通过合成生物碱等次生代谢物来帮助禾草抵御害虫、病原菌等生物的侵害,同时,Epichloë也能改善禾草对干旱、盐碱、重金属等非生物胁迫的抵抗能力(Mãrquez et al.,2010;李春杰等,2021)。宋梅玲等(2021)研究发现Epichloë不仅对活体禾草抗逆性有重要影响,随着气温降低,禾草和Epichloë共生体组成的凋落物,其Epichloë还能通过调节保护酶的活性提高凋落物的全氮、木质素和纤维素的降解实现禾草生命活动的良性有机循环。目前,室内通过各种平板对峙实验,许多研究者从各类植物中筛选出一批具有抑菌或拮抗活性的内生菌,这些活性菌与病原菌共培养过程中释放的次生代谢物多种多样,均表现出较强的抑制病原真菌菌丝生长和抑制病原细菌和病原线虫繁殖的能力(Deshmukh et al.,2022)。就内生真菌而言,早期分离出来的活性内生真菌大多属于腐生菌(Rosa et al.,2009; Herrera et al.,2010)。按照现代菌物分类系统,我们从广藿香获得的链格孢菌GHX-P17菌株,为子囊菌门下的座囊菌纲(Dothideomycetes)、格孢腔菌目(Pleosporales)、格孢腔菌科(Pleosporaceae)的链格孢属真菌,属兼性寄生菌(贺新生,2015)。目前,真菌索引数据库(index fungorum,IF)记录的784种及种下链格孢菌中,除了病原链格孢菌外,有一部分属于宿主内生链格孢菌,其活性作用值得深入研究。前期PI团队在研究两种栽培型广藿香不同生长期内生真菌群落组成变化中分离出2 352株内生真菌,并从中初筛出几十株具有活性的菌株,这些菌株在抗氧化和抗菌方面均有较好的表现。Alternaria sp. GHX-P17室内平板对峙实验表现出较强的广谱抗菌活性,对大肠杆菌(Escherichia coli)、金黄色葡萄球菌(Staphylococcus aureus)和茄科雷尔氏菌均有较好的抑菌效果。本研究通过喷洒GHX-P17代谢提取物进一步表明该菌具有延缓青枯病发病时间,降低青枯病严重度的能力,防效达74.65%。

  • 图1 接种青枯菌后不同时间广藿香青枯病严重度变化

  • Fig.1 Severity change of bacterial wilt after inoculated Ralstonia solanacearum in Pogostemon cablin

  • 表1 内生真菌GHX-P17提取液对广藿香青枯病发病率的影响(x-±sn=3)

  • Table1 Effects of extraction solution of endophytic fungus GHX-P17 on the incidence rate of bacterial wilt in Pogostemon cablin x-±s, n=3)

  • 注:同一行中平均值后不同的小写字母表示相互之间差异显著(Turkey检验P<0.05)。下同。

  • Note: Mean values within the same line followed by different small letters are significantly different (Turkey test P<0.05) . The same below.

  • 表2 内生真菌GHX-P17提取液对广藿香青枯病DI的影响(x-±sn=3)

  • Table2 Effects of extraction solution of endophytic fungus GHX-P17 on the disease index of bacterial wilt in Pogostemon cablinx-±s, n=3)

  • 图2 内生真菌GHX-P17提取液对广藿香PAL活性的影响

  • Fig.2 Changes of PAL activities under different treatments with extraction solution of endophytic fungus GHX-P17 in Pogostemon cablin

  • 图3 内生真菌GHX-P17提取液对广藿香POD活性的影响

  • Fig.3 Changes of POD activities under different treatments with extraction solution of endophytic fungus GHX-P17 in Pogostemon cablin

  • 图4 内生真菌GHX-P17提取液对广藿香SOD活性的影响

  • Fig.4 Changes of SOD activities under different treatments with extraction solution of endophytic fungus GHX-P17 in Pogostemon cablin

  • 内生菌及其代谢物不仅能够影响宿主本身逆境下的各种应激防御反应,还能增强非宿主植物抵御外部胁迫的耐受能力。一方面,内生菌通过拮抗作用阻止病菌侵染或通过竞争植物组织位点的方式减缓病菌的蔓延;另一方面,内生菌通过激活植物免疫修复通道和提高防御酶活性以释放更多抗胁迫因子,减轻植物受到的各种生理性伤害(伊帕热·帕尔哈提等,2022)。引起植物病害的胁迫因子多样,包括由病原菌侵染引起的侵染性病害以及由干旱、水涝、土壤盐碱、大气污染、重金属超标和营养缺乏等导致的非侵染性病害。宿主与这些胁迫因子互作过程中,测定保护酶活性变化和丙二醛(malonaldehyde)含量是常用的手段之一(朱艳蕾,2018)。防御性保护酶(protective enzymes)是宿主受到外部胁迫后主动产生的活性酶,也是研究宿主抗逆性的常用指标,指标包括PAL、POD和SOD。早期,我们对保护酶在胶孢炭疽菌(Colletotrichum gloeosporioides)侵染墨兰组织后活性表现进行了研究(王利国等,2004)。这些保护酶在清除氧自由基,催化寄主细胞壁木质素和病程相关蛋白(pathogenesis-related protein)合成中发挥着重要的作用。本实验通过测定3种保护酶活性的变化进一步证实,GHX-P17能够激发宿主PAL、POD和SOD的活性。3种保护酶通过激活宿主不同的防御因子,提高宿主的抗逆能力。在广东地区,广藿香生长期不开花,不结种子,种植主要通过无性繁殖材料或组培苗进行栽培,无法通过常规育种手段繁育抗病品种,加之连年栽培,青枯病越发严重。除了常规的农业防治和化学防治外,许多人也从多角度对青枯病生物防治进行了研究,部分成果已应用于生产中。目前,青枯病生物防治主要研究领域有拮抗菌的筛选,包括芽孢杆菌(Bacillus)、假单胞杆菌(Pseudomonas)及放线菌(actinomycetes)的利用和无致病力突变株的筛选等。内生真菌代谢物在防治病原菌侵染和激发寄主抗病能力方面的作用无疑为我们提供了一条可以利用的生物防治途径。

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    • LÜ LX, WANG HW, LIANG XF, et al. , 2014. Effects of different chemotypes and the species diversity of endophytic fungal communities harbored in Atractylodes lancea [J]. Acta Ecol Sin, 34(24): 7300-7310. [吕立新, 王宏伟, 梁雪飞, 等, 2014. 不同化学型和季节变化对茅苍术内生真菌群落多样性的影响 [J]. 生态学报, 34(24): 7300-7310. ]

    • MÃRQUEZ SS, BILLS GF, ACUÑA LD, 2010. Endophytic mycobiota of leaves and roots of the grass Holcus lanatus [J]. Fungal Divers, 41: 115-123.

    • MIAO L, YANG JF, JIANG W, et al. , 2020. Isolation and identification of antitumor substance from endophytic fungus Aspergillus oryzae YX-5 isolated from Ginkgo biloba [J]. Microbiol Chin, 46(4): 842-849. [缪莉, 杨佳凡, 姜薇, 等, 2020. 银杏内生真菌Aspergillus oryzae YX-5抗肿瘤活性物质的分离与鉴定 [J]. 微生物学通报, 46(4): 842-849. ]

    • PENG SP, DONG CM, ZHU YH, 2021. Cloning and expression analysis of two key genes of jasmonic acid synthesis in response to endophytic infection from Rehmannia glutinosa [J]. Bull Bot Res, 41(2): 294-301. [彭淑萍, 董诚明, 朱畇昊, 2021. 响应内生菌侵染的两个地黄茉莉酸合成关键基因的克隆与表达分析 [J]. 植物研究, 41(2): 294-301. ]

    • ROSA LH, VAZ ABM, CALIGORNE RB, et al. , 2009. Endophytic fungi associated with the antarctic grass Deschampsia antarctica Desv. (Poaceae) [J]. Polar Biol, 32: 161-167.

    • SIEGE MR, LATCH GCM, JOHNSON MC, 1987. Fungal endophytes of grasses [J]. Ann Rev Phytopathol, 25: 293-315.

    • SONG ML, WANG YQ, WANG HS, et al. , 2021. Effect of Epichlo endophyte on the litter decomposition of Stipa purpurea in alpine grassland [J]. Acta Pratac Sin, 30(9): 150-158. [宋梅玲, 王玉琴, 王宏生, 等, 2021. 内生真菌对高寒草地紫花针茅凋落物分解的影响 [J]. 草业学报, 30(9): 150-158. ]

    • WANG C, MING H, JIA W, et al. , 2020. Analysis of medication regularity and pharmacodynamic characteristics of traditional Chinese medicine treatment in 444 severe cases of COVID-19 [J]. Chin J Chin Mat Med, 45(13): 3007-3012. [王钏, 明浩, 贾文, 等, 2020. 中药治疗444例重型COVID-19用药规律及药效特征分析 [J]. 中国中药杂志, 45(13): 3007-3012. ]

    • WANG LG, XIAO JJ, DENG YT, et al. , 2022. Community composition changes of endophytic fungi from two cultivated Pogostemon cablin [J]. Guihaia, 42(5): 753-760. [王利国, 肖晶晶, 邓月婷, 等, 2022. 两种栽培型广藿香内生真菌群落组成变化 [J]. 广西植物, 42(5): 753-760. ]

    • WANG LG, LI L, GUO SM, 2004. Changes inactivities of three protective enzymes in leaves of Cymbidium sinense after inoculating Colletotrichum gloeosporioides [J]. Acta Hortic, 31(6): 822-824. [王利国, 李玲, 郭穗绵, 2004. 炭疽菌对墨兰叶片3种保护酶活性的影响 [J]. 园艺学报, 31(6): 822-824. ]

    • WANG M, CHEN YC, SUN ZH, et al. , 2016. Study on cytotoxic secondary metabolites of endophytic fungus Diaporthe longicolla A616 from Pogostemon cablin [J]. Chin J Chin Mat Med, 41(11): 2112-2117. [王沫, 陈玉婵, 孙章华, 等, 2016. 广藿香内生真菌Diaporthe longicolla A616细胞毒活性次级代谢产物研究 [J]. 中国中药杂志, 41(11): 2112-2117. ]

    • XU X, ZHANG Y, LI X, et al. , 2020. Analysis on prevention plan of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) by traditional Chinese medicine in various regions [J]. Chin Trad Herb Drugs, 51(4): 866-872. [徐旭, 张莹, 李新, 等, 2020. 各地区中医药预防新型冠状病毒肺炎(COVID-19)方案分析 [J]. 中草药, 51(4): 866-872. ]

    • YANG MJ, ZHANG C, YAN ZH, et al. , 2020. Isolation and activity evaluation of endophytic fungi from Glycyrrhiza uralensis [J]. Chin Trad Herb Drugs, 51(17): 4538-4546. [杨明俊, 张琛, 晏祖花, 2020. 乌拉尔甘草内生真菌分离及活性初探 [J]. 中草药, 51(17): 4538-4546. ]

    • YIPARE P, ZULIHUMAER R, TIAN YZ, et al. , 2022. Research progress in diversity of endophytic microbial communities isolated from desert plants and their strengthening effect on drought and salt tolerance in crops [J]. Biotechnol Bull, 38(12): 88-99. [伊帕热·帕尔哈提, 祖力胡玛尔·肉孜, 田永芝, 等. 荒漠植物内生菌多样性及其增强农作物抗旱和耐盐性的研究进展 [J]. 生物技术通报, 38(12): 88-99. ]

    • ZHANG XY, LUO CQ, CHEN XJ, et al. , 2020. Evaluation of two antagonistic bacteria from tobacco rhizosphere for controlling tobacco bacterial wilt [J]. Acta Tabac Sin, 26(1): 91-99. [张欣悦, 罗翠琴, 陈小洁, 等, 2020. 两株防治烟草青枯病的烟草根际拮抗菌 [J]. 中国烟草学报, 26(1): 91-99. ]

    • ZHOU ZY, LIU YH, LIU WH, et al. , 2017. Isolation of endophytic fungi from Dendrobium officinale and preliminary evaluation of in vitro biological activity [J]. Chin Trad Herb Drugs, 48(2): 533-538. [周琢艳, 刘玉寒, 刘文洪, 等, 2017. 铁皮石斛内生真菌的分离及其体外抑菌和抗肿瘤活性初步研究 [J]. 中草药, 48(2): 533-538. ]

    • ZHU YL, 2018. Isolation and identification of Ammodendron bifolium endophytic bacteria and the effects of selected isolates on host seed germination, initial radicle growth and osmotic stress tolerance [D]. Xi'an: Shaanxi Normal University. [朱艳蕾, 2018. 银砂槐内生细菌分离、生理特性及促生抗逆作用研究 [D]. 西安: 陕西师范大学. ]

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    • LÜ LX, WANG HW, LIANG XF, et al. , 2014. Effects of different chemotypes and the species diversity of endophytic fungal communities harbored in Atractylodes lancea [J]. Acta Ecol Sin, 34(24): 7300-7310. [吕立新, 王宏伟, 梁雪飞, 等, 2014. 不同化学型和季节变化对茅苍术内生真菌群落多样性的影响 [J]. 生态学报, 34(24): 7300-7310. ]

    • MÃRQUEZ SS, BILLS GF, ACUÑA LD, 2010. Endophytic mycobiota of leaves and roots of the grass Holcus lanatus [J]. Fungal Divers, 41: 115-123.

    • MIAO L, YANG JF, JIANG W, et al. , 2020. Isolation and identification of antitumor substance from endophytic fungus Aspergillus oryzae YX-5 isolated from Ginkgo biloba [J]. Microbiol Chin, 46(4): 842-849. [缪莉, 杨佳凡, 姜薇, 等, 2020. 银杏内生真菌Aspergillus oryzae YX-5抗肿瘤活性物质的分离与鉴定 [J]. 微生物学通报, 46(4): 842-849. ]

    • PENG SP, DONG CM, ZHU YH, 2021. Cloning and expression analysis of two key genes of jasmonic acid synthesis in response to endophytic infection from Rehmannia glutinosa [J]. Bull Bot Res, 41(2): 294-301. [彭淑萍, 董诚明, 朱畇昊, 2021. 响应内生菌侵染的两个地黄茉莉酸合成关键基因的克隆与表达分析 [J]. 植物研究, 41(2): 294-301. ]

    • ROSA LH, VAZ ABM, CALIGORNE RB, et al. , 2009. Endophytic fungi associated with the antarctic grass Deschampsia antarctica Desv. (Poaceae) [J]. Polar Biol, 32: 161-167.

    • SIEGE MR, LATCH GCM, JOHNSON MC, 1987. Fungal endophytes of grasses [J]. Ann Rev Phytopathol, 25: 293-315.

    • SONG ML, WANG YQ, WANG HS, et al. , 2021. Effect of Epichlo endophyte on the litter decomposition of Stipa purpurea in alpine grassland [J]. Acta Pratac Sin, 30(9): 150-158. [宋梅玲, 王玉琴, 王宏生, 等, 2021. 内生真菌对高寒草地紫花针茅凋落物分解的影响 [J]. 草业学报, 30(9): 150-158. ]

    • WANG C, MING H, JIA W, et al. , 2020. Analysis of medication regularity and pharmacodynamic characteristics of traditional Chinese medicine treatment in 444 severe cases of COVID-19 [J]. Chin J Chin Mat Med, 45(13): 3007-3012. [王钏, 明浩, 贾文, 等, 2020. 中药治疗444例重型COVID-19用药规律及药效特征分析 [J]. 中国中药杂志, 45(13): 3007-3012. ]

    • WANG LG, XIAO JJ, DENG YT, et al. , 2022. Community composition changes of endophytic fungi from two cultivated Pogostemon cablin [J]. Guihaia, 42(5): 753-760. [王利国, 肖晶晶, 邓月婷, 等, 2022. 两种栽培型广藿香内生真菌群落组成变化 [J]. 广西植物, 42(5): 753-760. ]

    • WANG LG, LI L, GUO SM, 2004. Changes inactivities of three protective enzymes in leaves of Cymbidium sinense after inoculating Colletotrichum gloeosporioides [J]. Acta Hortic, 31(6): 822-824. [王利国, 李玲, 郭穗绵, 2004. 炭疽菌对墨兰叶片3种保护酶活性的影响 [J]. 园艺学报, 31(6): 822-824. ]

    • WANG M, CHEN YC, SUN ZH, et al. , 2016. Study on cytotoxic secondary metabolites of endophytic fungus Diaporthe longicolla A616 from Pogostemon cablin [J]. Chin J Chin Mat Med, 41(11): 2112-2117. [王沫, 陈玉婵, 孙章华, 等, 2016. 广藿香内生真菌Diaporthe longicolla A616细胞毒活性次级代谢产物研究 [J]. 中国中药杂志, 41(11): 2112-2117. ]

    • XU X, ZHANG Y, LI X, et al. , 2020. Analysis on prevention plan of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) by traditional Chinese medicine in various regions [J]. Chin Trad Herb Drugs, 51(4): 866-872. [徐旭, 张莹, 李新, 等, 2020. 各地区中医药预防新型冠状病毒肺炎(COVID-19)方案分析 [J]. 中草药, 51(4): 866-872. ]

    • YANG MJ, ZHANG C, YAN ZH, et al. , 2020. Isolation and activity evaluation of endophytic fungi from Glycyrrhiza uralensis [J]. Chin Trad Herb Drugs, 51(17): 4538-4546. [杨明俊, 张琛, 晏祖花, 2020. 乌拉尔甘草内生真菌分离及活性初探 [J]. 中草药, 51(17): 4538-4546. ]

    • YIPARE P, ZULIHUMAER R, TIAN YZ, et al. , 2022. Research progress in diversity of endophytic microbial communities isolated from desert plants and their strengthening effect on drought and salt tolerance in crops [J]. Biotechnol Bull, 38(12): 88-99. [伊帕热·帕尔哈提, 祖力胡玛尔·肉孜, 田永芝, 等. 荒漠植物内生菌多样性及其增强农作物抗旱和耐盐性的研究进展 [J]. 生物技术通报, 38(12): 88-99. ]

    • ZHANG XY, LUO CQ, CHEN XJ, et al. , 2020. Evaluation of two antagonistic bacteria from tobacco rhizosphere for controlling tobacco bacterial wilt [J]. Acta Tabac Sin, 26(1): 91-99. [张欣悦, 罗翠琴, 陈小洁, 等, 2020. 两株防治烟草青枯病的烟草根际拮抗菌 [J]. 中国烟草学报, 26(1): 91-99. ]

    • ZHOU ZY, LIU YH, LIU WH, et al. , 2017. Isolation of endophytic fungi from Dendrobium officinale and preliminary evaluation of in vitro biological activity [J]. Chin Trad Herb Drugs, 48(2): 533-538. [周琢艳, 刘玉寒, 刘文洪, 等, 2017. 铁皮石斛内生真菌的分离及其体外抑菌和抗肿瘤活性初步研究 [J]. 中草药, 48(2): 533-538. ]

    • ZHU YL, 2018. Isolation and identification of Ammodendron bifolium endophytic bacteria and the effects of selected isolates on host seed germination, initial radicle growth and osmotic stress tolerance [D]. Xi'an: Shaanxi Normal University. [朱艳蕾, 2018. 银砂槐内生细菌分离、生理特性及促生抗逆作用研究 [D]. 西安: 陕西师范大学. ]