珍稀濒危树种坡垒不同径级个体枝叶性状的变异性研究
doi: 10.11931/guihaia.gxzw202411047
蒋惠中 1 , 吴虹佳 1 , 王阳艳 1 , 张军 1 , 张辉 2 , 张子婧 2 , 朱师丹 1
1. 广西大学 林学院,广西森林生态与保育重点实验室,广西高校亚热带人工林培育与 利用重点实验室,南宁 530004
2. 海南大学 热带农林学院,海口 570228
基金项目: 广西自然科学基金(2023GXNSFFA026008);广西研究生教育创新计划项目(YCBZ2024057)。
Variation in branch and leaf traits among different diameter classes of the rare and endangered tree species Hopea hainanensis
JIANG Huizhong 1 , WU Hongjia 1 , WANG Yangyan 1 , ZHANG Jun 1 , ZHANG Hui 2 , ZHANG Zijing 2 , ZHU Shidan 1
1. Guangxi Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Conservation, Key Laboratory of Subtropical Artificial Forest Cultivation and Utilization of Guangxi Higher Education Institutions, College of Forestry, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
2. Institute of Tropical Agriculture and Forestry, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
摘要
坡垒(Hopea hainanensis)是国家一级保护植物,其枝叶功能性状及其种内变异被广泛用于分析植物的环境适应性,了解该种不同生长阶段的适应策略对制定迁地保护措施至关重要。然而,关于坡垒功能性状的相关研究比较少见。为探究坡垒不同径级枝叶结构的适应性,该研究选择不同时期种植在海南兴隆热带花园的坡垒个体(胸径1~17 cm),测定其冠层枝条木质部结构性状(导管腔比例、导管壁比例、轴向薄壁组织比例、射线组织比例、纤维组织比例、导管密度、导管壁加固系数)、水力性状(水力导管直径、理论导水率)、叶片形态解剖特征(叶片各组织厚度、比叶面积)和机械抗性,并采用Pearson相关性分析和主成分分析探讨性状与径级之间以及枝叶性状之间的相关关系。结果表明:(1)随着径级增大,单位枝条木质部横切面的导管腔比例和导管壁比例以及木质部薄壁组织比例、水力导管直径、理论导水率均显著增加,而纤维组织比例、导管密度、导管壁加固系数却显著降低。(2)叶片各组织(表皮、角质层、叶肉组织)厚度和机械抗性随着径级的增大而显著增加。(3)在个体水平上,枝条木质部水分运输能力与叶片厚度呈显著正相关。综上认为,坡垒大径级个体通过调整枝条木质部结构以增强水分运输能力,同时增加叶片厚度减少蒸腾耗水,枝叶结构的协同有利于维持水分平衡。该研究结果揭示了坡垒个体冠层枝叶结构随着径级增大(蒸腾需水、光照强度、水汽压亏缺增加)的适应性变化规律,为该种的保护与栽培管理提供了理论依据。
Abstract
Hopea hainanensis is a national first-class protected plant species in China. Functional traits of branches and leaves and their intraspecific variation are widely used to analyze plants’ environmental adaptability. Understanding its adaptive strategies across different growth stages is critical for formulating effective ex situ conservation measures. However, research on the functional traits of H. hainanensis remains scarce. To investigate the adaptability of branch and leaf structures at different diameter classes in H. hainanensis, in this study, we selected individuals planted at different time in the Xinglong Tropical Garden, Hainan, China, with diameter at breast height (DBH ranged from 1 cm to 17 cm), and measured canopy branch xylem structural traits (vessel lumen proportion, vessel wall proportion, axial parenchyma proportion, ray parenchyma proportion, fiber proportion, vessel density, vessel wall reinforcement coefficient), hydraulic traits (hydraulic vessel diameter, theoretical hydraulic conductivity), leaf morphological and anatomical traits (thickness of leaf tissues and specific leaf area), and mechanical resistance. Pearson correlation analysis and principal component analysis were used to explore the correlation between traits and diameter classes, as well as among branch and leaf traits. The results were as follows: (1) As the DBH increased, the proportion of vessel lumen and wall, and parenchyma cell per branch xylem cross-section area, hydraulically-weighted vessel diameter, and theoretical hydraulic conductivity significantly increased, while the fiber tissue proportion, vessel density, and vessel wall reinforcement coefficient significantly decreased. (2) The thickness of individual leaf tissues (epidermis, cuticle, and mesophyll) and the mechanical resistance of the leaf blade increased significantly with DBH. (3) At the individual level, the branch hydraulic efficiency was positively correlated with leaf tissue thickness. In conclusion, large diameter individuals of H. hainanensis enhance their xylem hydraulic capacity by adjusting branch xylem structure, while increacing leaf thickness to reduce transpirational water loss. The structural coordination between branch and leaf could maintain water balance. The results reveal the adaptive adjustment of branch and leaf structure with increasing DBH (corresponding to increasing transpirational water demand, light intensity, and vapor pressure deficit) in H. hainanensis, thus offering valuable implications for the species’ conservation and cultivation.
植物的功能性状是植物在长期对环境的适应进化过程中形成的核心属性,能够影响植物对环境的耐受度,进而决定植物的生存、繁殖与分布(Díaz & Cabido, 2001; Bakker et al., 2011)。叶片经济学谱系表征植物以资源投资-收益权衡为基础的一类功能性状,比叶面积较大的植物具有较高的光合速率(Pan et al., 2020),但机械抗性较低,易遭受非生物因素(如强风)和生物因素(如虫食)造成的机械损伤(Enrico et al., 2016; 韦伊等,2022)。木材经济学谱系表明,拥有较高木质部导水率(导管密度和管腔直径较大)的树种能够更高效地进行水分传输,从而支持更快的生长速度及更高的生产力(Eller et al., 2017),但会降低木质部栓塞抗性、薄壁组织的储存以及纤维组织的支撑功能(倪鸣源等,2021; Aguirre et al., 2024)。植物不同器官之间也呈现协同或权衡关系,能够优化资源利用效率,减少环境变化带来的不利影响(Westoby et al., 2002)。因此,综合分析枝叶性状及其相关关系能更全面地了解植物的适应策略(Alon et al., 2024)。
前期观点认为植物性状的种间变异程度显著超过种内变异(Díaz et al., 2004);关于植物枝叶功能性状的研究集中在种间变异上,主要用于比较不同物种或功能群的生态策略(Standen & Baltzer, 2023; Ferrara et al., 2024)。然而,Albert等(2010)研究表明,植物功能性状变异中约有30%源自种内差异。在分析欧洲干燥草原5种共生植物的14种功能性状时,有9种性状的种内变异性超过了种间变异水平,表明种内变异是塑造植物群落结构和动态的关键因素之一(Tautenhahn et al., 2019)。近年来的研究还广泛揭示了植物枝叶性状间同样具有显著的种内变异性,并在植物响应环境变化方面发挥关键作用(Xu et al., 2020; Zhao et al., 2022)。例如,通过分析胡杨(Populus euphratica)不同径级个体的枝叶形态数量性状发现,随着径级增大,叶片数量逐渐减少,而枝条粗度却呈现增加趋势,能够更大效率地为叶片提供水分和矿质元素(翟军团等,2023)。随着水分可利用性的下降,白榆(Ulmus pumila)叶面积和木质部导管直径均显著降低,枝叶相关性状的协同变化能提高该种的干旱适应性(赵宇航等,2023)。因此,对枝叶性状的种内变异性研究有助于理解植物的生态位宽度及其对环境变化的响应(Siefert et al., 2015; Lu et al., 2024)。
坡垒(Hopea hainanensis)属于龙脑香科坡垒属的高大乔木,是热带雨林的标志性物种之一,具有重要的经济价值和生态价值(肖云学等,2023)。然而,由于严重的盗伐行为,野生坡垒数量已急剧下降,因此在热带雨林中已变为罕见种(张丽等,2019)。为有效保护这一濒危树种,开展迁地种植保护已成为当前的重要保育措施。目前,针对坡垒的研究包括种群多样性(何巧萍等,2024)、物候特征(黄仕训等,2008),以及种子萌发(陈侯鑫等,2015)等方面,相关结果为坡垒的保护提供了重要参考。但是,关于该种枝叶功能性状及其种内变异性方面的研究尚未见报道。为进一步了解坡垒不同生长阶段的适应策略,本文以海南兴隆热带花园坡垒不同径级个体(种植年限不同)为研究对象,制作冠层枝木质部和叶横切切片,测定木质部各解剖特征、水力性状以及叶片各组织厚度,同时测定比叶面积和机械抗性,并利用Pearson相关性分析与主成分分析揭示坡垒不同径级枝叶的适应性特征,以期通过系统分析坡垒枝叶功能性状在不同生长阶段的种内变异特征,为该种的迁地保护措施提供理论依据。本研究拟探讨:(1)坡垒枝叶性状如何适应径级变化;(2)坡垒枝叶功能性状的相关性。
1 材料与方法
1.1 地理概况
研究样地位于海南岛东部的万宁市兴隆热带花园(110°13′07″E、18°01′30″N),该地年平均气温24.4 ℃,最冷月(1月)的平均气温18.7 ℃,最高气温38.8 ℃,夏季常发生高温胁迫事件(黄红英等,2009刘宇等,2018)。年平均降水量2 141.4 mm,12月至次年3月为旱季,旱季降水量占全年降水量的10%~30%(刘建波等,2009)。该花园土壤主要由花岗岩砖红壤及少数花岗岩赤红壤组成,土壤全氮含量和全磷含量的平均值分别为2.80 g·kg-1和0.16 g·kg-1,pH值4.9(赖齐贤,2001)。
1.2 实验材料
海南兴隆热带花园由郑文泰先生于1992年创建,目的是开展热带雨林植被恢复。园内树种选种及补种主要参考热带雨林群落结构与演替过程,优先选用龙脑香科乔木种(陈曦和潘鄱,2007)。2022年调查结果显示,现存坡垒个体胸径为1~17 cm,树高为1.5~9.0 m。在人工恢复群落中,大径级坡垒个体占据冠层,群落冠层郁闭度约为0.6。雨季时,按胸径差异选取33株健康个体进行采样,使用自制最长可达17 m的可伸缩高枝剪,从每株冠层采集1根带叶健康阳生枝条带回实验室测定枝叶性状(表1)。
1 本研究测定的枝叶性状及其生态学意义
Table 1 Branch and leaf traits measured in this study and their ecological significance
1.3 测定方法
1.3.1 枝条解剖性状测定
从每根枝条上剪取长度为5 cm的枝段(直径5~10 mm)作为解剖样品,编号后放入装有FAA固定液的样本管中,冷藏至软化。将软化后的样品采用石蜡切片法进行永久切片,自然风干后使用光学显微镜(Leica, DM 3000 LED, Germany)分别在20×和40×视野下随机拍摄3张图片。利用ImageJ软件(v.1.52n)对图片进行分析处理,得出以下指标:导管腔比例、导管壁比例、轴向薄壁组织比例、射线组织比例、纤维组织比例(图1),并计算导管密度(Perez-Harguindeguy et al., 2013)、导管壁加固系数(Hacke et al., 2001)。根据木质部导管结构特征进一步计算以下水力学参数。
1 坡垒木质部 (胸径2 cm)的解剖结构
Fig. 1 Anatomical structure of xylem (DBH=2 cm) in Hopea hainanensis
参照Tyree和Zimmermann(2002)的方法计算水力导管直径(Dh)和理论导水率(Kt),公式如下:
Dh=i=1nbi4n4;Kt=ρπ128η×Vd×Dh4
式中: bi表示单个导管中长短轴直径的平均值;n表示导管数量;Vd表示导管密度;Dh表示水力导管直径;ρ表示20 ℃下水的密度(998.2 kg·m-3);η表示20 ℃下水的黏度(1.002 × 10-9 MPa·s)。
1.3.2 叶片性状测定
对每根枝条选择3片健康成熟新鲜叶片,在叶片中部(避开主脉和边缘)位置进行徒手切片,制成临时切片后在40×的光学显微镜下随机拍摄3个视野,用ImageJ软件(v.1.52n)对图片进行分析处理,测定叶片厚度和上、下角质层的厚度及上、下表皮的厚度、栅栏组织厚度、海绵组织厚度,并进一步计算栅栏组织厚度与海绵组织厚度的比值(PT/ST)(Higuchi et al., 1999)。
采用直径为0.5 mm的平端金属棒,用精度为0.000 1 N的小型拉力试验机(ZQ-990A-9,广东东莞,中国),以80 mm·min-1的测试速度在叶片中上部(避开主脉)进行穿刺。每片叶片重复测定3次,仪器所记录的最大力F1与平端金属棒的比值,即为穿刺力(Fp)(Onoda et al., 2011)。
另选5片完整的成熟叶片,清除其表面污物,并切除叶柄。采用叶面积测量仪(LI-3000A, LI-COR, Lincoln, USA)测量叶片面积,随后将叶片装入信封中,并置于70 ℃的恒温烘箱中烘48 h,最后测量其干重,并计算比叶面积(specific leaf area,SLA)(Gower et al., 1999)。由于部分叶片样品因存放时间过久而无法测定,故个体数量较少。
1.3.3 数据统计分析
利用Excel计算各个性状数据的平均值;利用Pearson相关性分析检验各性状与胸径之间的相关关系以及枝叶性状之间的相关关系(显著性水平:P<0.05);利用Origin 2024 安装包中的“Principal Component Analysis v1.50”插件对枝叶性状数据及胸径数据进行主成分分析。所有绘图均由Origin 2024完成。
2 结果与分析
2.1 坡垒不同径级枝条木质部解剖结构特征
图2可知,随着坡垒径级的增大,大部分木质部解剖结构特征呈现出一系列显著变化趋势。在导管结构方面,单位横切面积内的导管腔比例、水力导管直径、理论导水率均显著增加(P<0.05),而导管密度则显著下降(P<0.05)。这说明大径级坡垒倾向于形成数量更少但管径更大的导管。尽管导管壁加固系数显著降低(P<0.05),但导管壁厚度却显著增厚(P<0.05)。在其他组织构成方面,轴向薄壁组织比例随径级增大而显著上升,而纤维组织比例则显著下降,但射线组织比例与径级之间无显著相关关系(P>0.05)。
2 胸径与木质部各性状之间的相关关系
Fig. 2 Correlation between diameter at breast height (DBH) and xylem traits
2.2 坡垒不同径级叶片形态性状特征
图3可知,坡垒叶片总厚度、上、下表皮的厚度、上、下角质层的厚度、栅栏组织厚度、海绵组织厚度均与径级呈显著正相关(P<0.05),表明随着径级的增加,叶片整体结构趋于增厚。此外,叶片穿刺力与径级呈显著正相关(P<0.05),说明大径级个体的叶片结构更加坚韧,具有更强的物理防御功能。然而,比叶面积、栅栏组织厚度/海绵组织厚度的比值与径级之间无显著相关关系(P>0.05),表明不同径级大小个体叶片与光获取和光合能力相关的结构性状保持相对稳定。
3 胸径与叶片各性状之间的相关关系
Fig. 3 Correlation between diameter at breast height (DBH) and various leaf traits
2.3 坡垒枝叶性状主成分分析与相关性分析
图4可知,第1主成分轴和第2主成分轴总共解释了72.9%的变异率。其中,第1主成分轴解释了62.3%的变异,主要与Kt、LT、PT、ST、Fp呈正相关,与Fb、t/b呈负相关;第2主成分轴解释了10.6%的变异,主要与Vd、Vwf呈正相关。DBH主要与第1主成分轴的性状相关,说明个体径级变化主要影响木质部水分运输能力与叶片结构性状。Pearson相关性分析结果(图5)发现,坡垒的枝叶性状之间存在明显关联,尤其是Kt与LT之间呈显著正相关。
4 坡垒不同径级个体的枝叶20个功能性状的主成分分析
Fig. 4 Principal component analysis of 20 functional traits of leaves and branches in Hopea hainanensis individuals of different diameter classes
5 坡垒枝叶性状的Pearson相关性分析
Fig. 5 Pearson correlation analysis of branch and leaf traits of Hopea hainanensis
3 讨论
3.1 坡垒不同径级个体木质部结构特征的变异性
随着径级的增加,坡垒枝条木质部导管组织比例和水分运输效率显著增加,这与龙脑香科青梅(Vatica mangachapoi)(邢勇,2004)、亚热带杉木(Cunninghamia lanceolata)(黄小艳等,2023)的研究结果一致。这表明在湿润的生境中,乔木大径级个体倾向于通过提高水分运输效率以满足更高的蒸腾需求(陈志成等,2017Trueba et al., 2019)。而与以上结果不同的是,云南元江干热河谷优势乔木厚皮树(Lannea coromandelica)的不同径级个体间的枝条导水率无显著性差异(彭晓容等,2024),并且黄土高原半干旱区刺槐(Robinia pseudoacacia)的大径级个体甚至表现出更小的导管面积和更低的水分运输效率(刘青等,2023),这是树种大径级个体在相对干旱的生境中需要采取保守的水分运输策略以降低水力风险。本研究发现,随着径级的增加,坡垒木质部薄壁组织比例增大,说明大径级个体的木质部储存能力在提高。值得注意的是,尽管本研究样地位于典型的热带地区,但是会发生季节性干旱,坡垒大径级个体(蒸腾需求高)可能面临潜在的水力风险。遭遇季节性干旱时,木质部薄壁细胞通过释放水分既能在一定程度上减缓坡垒大径级个体的蒸腾耗水压力,也可能通过释放可溶性物质进入导管参与栓塞修复(Secchi et al., 2017; Santiago et al., 2018; Rosner et al., 2019)。由于木质部各组织之间的权衡关系,因此坡垒大径级个体的纤维组织比例显著减少,可能导致机械支撑能力降低。然而,进一步分析发现,坡垒大径级个体木质部导管壁显著增厚,一方面替代纤维组织的机械支持功能,另一方面降低导管在干旱条件下发生坍塌的风险(Jacobsen et al., 2005; Echeverría et al., 2022)。与大径级个体相比,坡垒小树的蒸腾需求较小,这与其较弱的木质部输水和储水能力相匹配。同时,小个体根系较浅,在季节性干旱时期可能遭受一定的水分胁迫,其较强的抗栓塞能力(较高的导管壁加固系数)有助于降低水力失败的风险。
3.2 径级大小与叶片性状的相关性
坡垒的叶片厚度会随着胸径增粗而增厚,这是大径级个体为了防止过度蒸腾失水的结构调整。随着大树冠层叶片所受的水汽压亏缺逐渐增大,较厚的叶片(表皮和角质层也较厚)可增加水汽扩散阻力和表皮阻力,减少较大径级个体冠层叶片水分的过度散失(李群等,2017何斌等,2020)。同样,通过比较龙脑香科植物望天树(Parashorea chinensis)冠层和下层叶片结构的差异发现,冠层顶部叶片变得更小更厚(Jin et al., 2024),进一步佐证了冠层叶片增厚的适应性意义。然而,并非所有树种的叶片厚度都随生长而持续增厚,如Bin等(2022)发现亚热带季风常绿阔叶林部分树种叶片厚度在达到某一树高临界点后才出现显著增厚现象,这种非线性变化规律主要受到光照环境的影响。由于风力等外部因素的影响,高大乔木冠层相邻叶片会发生摩擦,并且坡垒大径级个体冠层叶片具有较高的机械抗性,因此有效地避免了磨损受伤(Onoda et al., 2011)。比叶面积与植物的碳投资策略和光合能力有关(Agudelo et al., 2019; Zhang et al., 2020; Leng et al., 2023)。对亚马逊热带森林树种Alchornea triplinervia的研究发现,其比叶面积与树龄呈显著正相关(Loureiro & Sansevero, 2025);与之相反,亚热带常绿阔叶林树种黄丹木姜子(Litsea elongata)的幼树具有更高的比叶面积(He & Yan, 2018)。本研究中,坡垒不同径级个体比叶面积之所以无显著性差异,是因为比叶面积受到叶片厚度和密度的影响,这说明植物叶片通过增加组织厚度适应冠层生境,但同时降低叶片密度(增加叶肉导度)以维持碳收益。这在望天树的研究中已得以证实,即不同冠层高度叶片的比叶重和光合速率均无显著性差异(Jin et al., 2024)。虽然不同树种比叶面积在个体生长过程中的变化趋势各异,但均反映了植物为适应所处环境所采取的适应策略。由于栅栏组织与海绵组织的分化通常受到光照条件的强烈影响,因此在光照分布不均匀的森林环境中,不同生长阶段树木的栅栏组织/海绵组织表现出显著的种内变异性,这反映了植物对光资源的适应(杨美玲等,2015)。然而,本研究中栅栏组织/海绵组织在不同径级间未表现出显著的种内变异性,造成这一结果的原因可能是研究样地郁闭度并不高,坡垒小径级个体顶端叶片也能接受到充分光照,从而减弱了因光环境差异而导致的叶片解剖结构变化。
3.3 坡垒枝叶性状的相关性
通过对坡垒不同径级个体性状的相关分析发现,其枝叶结构特征间密切关联,尤其枝条理论导水率与叶片厚度呈显著正相关。在植物体内的水分运输通路中,虽然叶片的运输路径较短,但叶片水分运输阻力达到了整个植株的30%~80%,是水分运输的瓶颈部位和调节水分散失的安全阀(Sack & Holbrook, 2006)。枝叶水力和结构性状的协同说明坡垒大树在增加木质部水分运输能力的同时在结构上加强了叶片的控制能力,有利于维持冠层枝叶的水分平衡(Sack et al., 2003; 欧晓岚和刘艳红,2017)。这与Méndez-Alonzo等(2012)对热带森林15种乔木树种的研究结果一致,即干旱期枝条木质部导水率与叶片形态结构性状(如叶片厚度、叶面积)显著相关,较高的导水率保障叶片的水分供应,同时叶片增厚、叶面积变小可降低单位面积蒸腾速率,从而形成“高供给-低消耗”的水分平衡模式。与之形成对比的是,亚热带地区的落羽杉(Taxodium distichum var. imbricatum)和池杉(Taxodium ascendens)在生长过程中,随着冠层高度的增加,其枝条导水率与叶片蒸腾速率之间并未表现出显著的相关性,这可能与它们生长在湿生环境有关(汤璐瑶等,2023)。而坡垒则通过协同调节枝条导水率与叶片厚度有效控制水分丧失,从而增强其适应干旱或高温环境的能力。此外,本研究还发现,理论导水率与比叶面积无显著相关性,说明水分运输与碳收益性状解耦,这与前期基于种间水平的研究结论不一致(Xiong & Nadal, 2020; Zhang-Zheng et al., 2023)。可能的原因是,随着坡垒径级的增加,水分运输能力并不是制约碳收益的关键因素,由于本研究样地土壤全磷平均含量较低,因此推测养分供应(尤其磷素)可能是限制坡垒大径级个体叶片光合能力的关键因子(Hou et al., 2020; Ellsworth et al., 2022)。
4 结论
本研究结果揭示了坡垒枝叶性状随着径级增加的变化规律,即小径级坡垒木质部更倾向于提高水力安全以应对季节性干旱,大径级坡垒木质部倾向于提高水分运输效率,但会产生较厚的叶片以减少水分丧失,这进一步证实了枝叶协同有利于维持水分平衡。尽管幼树阶段冠层光获取能力未受显著限制,但是其较低的木质部水分运输效率可能会影响水分供应。建议:在栽培过程中,应对林分冠层枝叶进行适度修剪以控制郁闭度,这样既能避免因光照过强而导致水分过度蒸腾,从而减少失水风险,又能为幼树生长提供必要的光能;另外,对坡垒的大径级个体,还应通过合理水肥管理以促进其生长。
1 坡垒木质部 (胸径2 cm)的解剖结构
Fig. 1 Anatomical structure of xylem (DBH=2 cm) in Hopea hainanensis
2 胸径与木质部各性状之间的相关关系
Fig. 2 Correlation between diameter at breast height (DBH) and xylem traits
3 胸径与叶片各性状之间的相关关系
Fig. 3 Correlation between diameter at breast height (DBH) and various leaf traits
4 坡垒不同径级个体的枝叶20个功能性状的主成分分析
Fig. 4 Principal component analysis of 20 functional traits of leaves and branches in Hopea hainanensis individuals of different diameter classes
5 坡垒枝叶性状的Pearson相关性分析
Fig. 5 Pearson correlation analysis of branch and leaf traits of Hopea hainanensis
1 本研究测定的枝叶性状及其生态学意义
Table 1 Branch and leaf traits measured in this study and their ecological significance
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